A Sub-Two-Second Automatic Transfer Switch for Hybrid PV–Grid Systems Using Arduino Uno and ZMPT101B Voltage Sensing

Fitriyanti Mayasari; Ansar Suyuti; Wawan Surahman; Dianti Utamidewi

doi:10.31963/elekterika.v23i1.6400

Authors

Fitriyanti Mayasari Universitas Hasanuddin
Ansar Suyuti Universitas Hasanuddin
Wawan Surahman Universitas Hasanuddin
Dianti Utamidewi Universitas Hasanuddin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31963/elekterika.v23i1.6400

Keywords:

Arduino Uno; automatic transfer switch; hybrid PV–grid; solar power plant; voltage sensor.

Abstract

A solar photovoltaic (PV) generator converts sunlight into useful electrical energy and operates most effectively when paired with a controller capable of automatically connecting and disconnecting it from the load. A common limitation in existing PV–grid switching systems is the relatively long transition delay between the utility supply and the PV source. To address this issue, the present work develops an Arduino Uno-based automatic transfer controller that performs source switching according to the measured PV output voltage. Two transfer scenarios were evaluated: from grid (PLN) to PV (PLTS) and the reverse direction, with the threshold for activating PV set at 10 V. The acceptable transition delay was specified as no greater than five seconds to prevent voltage spikes that may damage the connected load. Experimental results across ten trials showed an average transfer time of 1.6 s for the PLN-to-PLTS transition and 1.8 s for the reverse transition. Both values comply with the design target, indicating that the proposed controller offers a fast, reliable, and low-cost approach to managing hybrid PV–grid operation.

References

[1] R. Wong and A. Dewayanti, "Indonesia's energy transition: Dependency, subsidies and renewables," Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1-22, 2024.

[2] H. T. Paradongan, D. F. Hakam, S. K. Wiryono, I. Prahastono, I. A. Aditya, K. M. Banjarnahor, N. I. Sinisuka and A. Asekomeh, "Techno-economic feasibility study of solar photovoltaic power plant using RETScreen to achieve Indonesia energy transition," Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1-22, 2024.

[3] B. K. Bose, "Global energy scenario and impact of power electronics in 21st century," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2638-2651, 2012.

[4] R. M. Elavarasan, G. M. Shafiullah, S. Padmanaban, N. M. Kumar, A. Annam and A. M. Vetrichelvan, "A comprehensive review on renewable energy development, challenges, and policies of leading Indian states with an international perspective," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 74432-74457, 2020.

[5] F. A. Khan, N. Pal and S. H. Saeed, "Review of solar photovoltaic and wind hybrid energy systems for sizing strategies optimization techniques and cost analysis methodologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 92, pp. 937-947, 2018.

[6] K. Zeb, W. Uddin, M. A. Khan, Z. Ali, M. U. Ali, N. Christofides and H. J. Kim, "A comprehensive review on inverter topologies and control strategies for grid connected photovoltaic system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 94, pp. 1120-1141, 2018.

[7] P. Patil, A. Gade, A. Patil, A. Patil and S. Nimbalkar, "An Improved Arduino Based Automatic Transfer Switching System For PV System As Well As Standby Electric Generator," in 2022 2nd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET), Patna, 2022.

[8] H. D. Prastya and B. Purwahyudi, "Prototype of Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for Solar Power Plant Based on Arduino Uno," Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, 2023.

[9] I. Abubakar, S. N. Khalid, M. W. Mustafa, H. Shareef and M. Mustapha, "CALIBRATION OF ZMPT101B VOLTAGE SENSOR MODULE USING POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION FOR ACCURATE LOAD MONITORING," ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1076-1084, 2017.

[10] J. Hu, Y. Xu, K. W. Cheng and J. M. Guerrero, "A model predictive control strategy of PV-Battery microgrid under variable power generations and load conditions," Applied Energy, vol. 221, pp. 195-203, 2018.

[11] A. López-Vargas, M. Fuentes and M. Vivar, "IoT Application for Real-Time Monitoring of Solar Home Systems Based on Arduino™ With 3G Connectivity," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 679-691, 2018.

[12] N. R. Andela, G. Simamora and A. Gulton, "Rancang bangun panel automatic transfer switch (ATS) dengan monitoring dan kendali via Android berbasis Outseal PLC," Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, pp. 1-6.