Microcontroller-Based Smart Control System for Automatic Lighting and Air Conditioning Control in Campus Facilities

Abstract

Energy inefficiency in campus facilities often arises from lights and air-conditioning (AC) systems operating without occupancy, leading to unnecessary electricity consumption. To address this issue, this research develops a microcontroller-based smart control system designed to automate lighting and AC operation using human-presence detection. The purpose of this study is to create and evaluate an ESP32-based automation system equipped with PIR HC-SR501 sensors and relay modules, complemented by IoT-enabled monitoring through Telegram notifications. The methodology includes system analysis, hardware and software design, prototype development, and performance testing in a classroom at Politeknik ATI Makassar. The ESP32 processes PIR sensor inputs to activate or deactivate loads based on detected movement, while Telegram provides real-time status updates. System evaluation focused on sensor detection accuracy, response time, relay reliability, and overall energy reduction. Experimental results show that the PIR sensor achieves over 90% detection accuracy within 4 meters and 30° viewing angle, with a response time of approximately 0.9 seconds. The automated control reduced daily operating time of lighting and AC units from 5.2 hours to 8 hours, yielding an estimated energy saving of 2.1 kWh per day—or about 27% reduction in power consumption. Telegram notifications demonstrated >98% accuracy, ensuring reliable remote monitoring. This research highlights the positive impact of integrating microcontroller-based automation and IoT monitoring for creating energy-efficient, smart-campus environments. The system offers a scalable solution for reducing operational costs, improving sustainability, and enhancing facility management in educational institutions.